**Synaesthetics, Oscilloscopes, and Visible Electricity, Light and graphical-sound techniques.** WIP:  ## I. Ex Luce Sonus (From light, sound) This topos of generating or modulating sound by mechanically flickering light, sometimes called ["optical sound"](http://www.umatic.nl/tonewheels_historical.html) or [graphical sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_sound) was a recurring pattern in both bespoke and manufactured systems. Generally the visible aspects of the light is secondary to the sound produced. 1. Sound on film (Linear) a. Oramics Machine (Daphne Oram, 1957-1976) i. [Xenakis UPIC](https://youtu.be/lNPWub-MNxg?si=E3wT2Gn3lQZ3sSsQ) ii. [ANS ](https://warmplace.ru/soft/ans/) b. Drawn Sound i. [Paper Sound Video](https://youtu.be/Mmejo9WL2gY?si=VKUWTuZRP1ueVx__) (Nikolai Voinov, 1933) ii. [Pen Point Percussion](https://youtu.be/Q0vgZv_JWfM?si=wYt8o6ewhvf9iaLa) (Norman McLaren, 1951) iii. [Tönendes ABC](https://vimeo.com/432945203), (Laszlo Maholy-Nagy, 1933) iv. [Dresden Dynamo](https://youtu.be/ts5uT0Pdj4c?si=Ob96jI5B4d9R4oBt) (Lis Rhodes, 1971) c. The Photoelectric Effect i. Photoelectrons ii. The Photophone iii. The Photographophone 2. Spinning Disks (rotational) a. [Photosonic Synthesis](https://youtu.be/KuL4aSwNT0o?si=7j0lBbKzZspnPRZI) (Jacque Dudon, ) b. [The Variophone](https://youtu.be/0DG4-mdqJ8U?si=LR-_4tQ5KptD2DMK) (Evgeny Sholpo, ) 3 interlude: Optical Chopper 2. [Mariska de Groot](https://vimeo.com/1014379939 "https://vimeo.com/1014379939") 3. [Marko Timlin](https://youtu.be/WAGJNLjQ3oU?si=em0uZirZwAhE_RVs "https://youtu.be/WAGJNLjQ3oU?si=em0uZirZwAhE_RVs") 4. [quintron (drum buddy)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCgfFmNaJcg&ab_channel=ISpeakMachine "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCgfFmNaJcg&ab_channel=ISpeakMachine")  5. [Motor Synth](https://cdm.link/motor-synth-gamechanger/ "https://cdm.link/motor-synth-gamechanger/") 6. [Light Organ](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichttonorgel)/[Orchestron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestron)/[Optigan](https://youtu.be/1Ts3L68Twps?si=CDYd7mK-q-z7YTmN) 3. Other 1. [MSHR](https://youtu.be/qTPKrIsxZcY?si=pLphroSH99aKkFwi) 2. [Electronicos Fantasticos](https://youtu.be/bOfpQt4KFCc?si=kyeMeT_qeVhzsu-T) 3. [Jarre (laser harp)](https://youtu.be/DnAfXK-hft8?si=GZO5ocINR4fJNELW) Epilude ## II. Ex Sono Luce (From sound, light) This topos of producing visible light from music is often referred to as music visualization. Sometimes the sound is secondary, or is simply pre existing 1. [manometric flame apparatus](https://youtu.be/MVYOvDcOZEY?si=d5h3aa8DOaSoQhVF) 1. [another video](https://youtu.be/4GwIVG_p4z8?si=VWdB9mdAaVwpVo9b) 2. [koenig sound analyser](https://youtu.be/OHdL-65dkkY?si=FU96pw552bPir4Bz) 3. [flame tube](https://youtu.be/bs72L0z7k0A?si=BXop_AcmqxFdjiGK) 2. Fourier Analysis 1. [contemporary video](https://youtu.be/ds0cmAV-Yek?si=tgqS9GPHXZuzrvUi) 2. [mechanical method](https://youtu.be/6dW6VYXp9HM?si=Dq9pWobLJxcKH9-E) 3. Technology (interlude) 1. [How Oscilloscopes Work (CRT)](https://youtu.be/h3cezGJw8wA?si=PpDifCPGK-MCqjwR) 2. 4. Lissajous figures 1. rotating mirrors 5. Mary Ellen Bute, Hy Hirsh 6. Oscilloscope music 7. [color organ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_organ) [light organ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_organ) 8. [cymascope](https://youtu.be/wHnKg03Cudo?si=W7z6vtrg_4Ok5AYn)/ [more cymascope](https://youtu.be/2y_ZzCHobX4?si=qROjb1BacpTxvGCK) 9. [Derek holzer](https://youtu.be/YxFD2eySg0M?si=aNgclBUUt7uNovyj) 10. Ryoji ikeda 11. [jack Ox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ox) 12. [Squarepusher - ufabulum](https://youtu.be/XvLAKrVbCBM?si=iwDo-3JzWFjd32Rd) ## III. Inter Lux et Sonum (Interaction of Light and Sound) this is a topos representing complex interactions between sound waves, light 1. Optophonic Piano 2. Dan Sandin and the Sandin image processor, including the Spiral performances 3. Steina and Woody Vasulka, 4. Rutt/Etra Video Synthesizer, 5. Scanimate --- ## Light into Sound ### Daphne Oram Engineer Graham Wrench [video interview](https://www.fluid-radio.co.uk/2011/07/interview-with-graham-wrench/) and detailed technical information in [sound on sound](https://www.soundonsound.com/people/graham-wrench-story-daphne-orams-optical-synthesizer)File footage from [1969: What Is ELECTRONIC MUSIC? | BBC Archive](https://youtu.be/yMvP-cxjPpo?si=eY-fxrWCcf9CJxb4) and [Sisters With Transistors. Directed by Lisa Rovner. Aspect Ratio Films, 2021.](https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/sisters-with-transistors) "The waveform generator really was an oscilloscope working backwards... Whatever shape was placed in front of the screen became just one cycle of a repeating waveform." ## Sound on Film (linear) [Sound Recording and Reproduction (Sound on Film)](https://archive.org/details/SoundRec1943) Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, 1943 experiments https://archive.org/details/LearningAboutLight2ndEd ### Rudolf Pfenninger Tönende Handschrift [Tonendehandschrift de Rudolf Pfenninger](https://www.instagram.com/reel/DIQPiB6xT3v/) [youtube](https://youtu.be/bDwEpPFqQCo?si=8cfgcbuCO4i3_LwM) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDwEpPFqQCo&ab_channel=PhilippeLANGLOIS [handmade cinema](https://handmadecinema.com/filmmaker/rudolf-pfenninger/) > Pfenninger, an engineer and animator, arrived at a system of synthetic sound before Fischinger, one that held different ramifications for the understanding of film sound. After many years of radio and sound experimentation, Pfenninger developed a system of what he called “sounding handwriting” in 1929. Using an oscilloscope, Pfenninger was able to assign a unique graphic representation on a twelve-by-one-inch strip of paper to any tone that was produced. Each paper strip (again, one for each note) was then photographed onto the optical soundtrack. In 1930, he showed two of his animated films that utilized the technique, exhibiting a full-scale film program two years later. While Thomas Levin reports that some critics at this later screening thought Pfenninger’s sonics were “mechanical” or “soulless,” others found them “magical.” While the majority of those on hand seemed impressed by the work on a technical level, others questioned whether or not the soundtrack was music–or the future of music. ### Boris Yankovsky [The ‘Vibroexponator’ , Russia 1932](https://120years.net/the-vibroexponator-boris-yankovsky-russia-1932/) https://youtu.be/YiIB36ZY0WM?si=21qPkuWej4fK4btQ  ### Aleksandr Vasilyevich Ivanov Some of the earliest experiments were conducted by [**Arseny Mikhailovich Avraamov**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseny_Avraamov)(1884-1944) https://monoskop.org/images/6/63/Smirnov_Andrey_Sound_in_Z_Experiments_in_Sound_and_Electronic_Music_in_Early_20th_Century_Russia.pdf > HAND-DRAWN ORNAMENTAL SOUND In 1930 Arseny Avraamov was the first to demonstrate experimental sound pieces produced purely with drawing methods. Having made drawings of geometric profiles and ornaments, he then shot still images of these drawn sound waves on an animation stand.■ On 20 February 1930 Avraamov mentioned a new trend in his lecture to the sound-on-film group at ARRK.6 On 30 August 1930 during the First Conference on Animation Techniques in Moscow, Avraamov demonstrated artificial drawn sound pieces in his presentation ‘Ornamental Sound Animation’. According to Vladimir Solev: ‘Five years ago, at the very beginning of sound-on-film, at ![[soundtrack1.png]] ![[soundtrack2.png]] ![[soundtrack3.png]] ### ABC in Sound / Tönendes ABC, 1933 black and white film, sound > In later years Moholy-Nagy recalled that the soundtrack for Tönendes ABC “used all types of signs, symbols, even the letters of the alphabet, and my own finger prints. Each visual pattern on the sound track produced a sound which had the character of whistling and other noises. I had especially good results with the profiles of persons”. A speaker moves back and forth. This makes a sine wave. Faster movement means higher pitch. This is the fundamental frequency. Adding additional frequencies makes the motion more complex. These are called harmonics, and they add and cancel each other out, forming a unique shape, a waveform. ### Norman McLaren, Len Lye, Hy Hirsh, Barry Spinello [synchromy](https://archive.org/details/1971synchromynormanmclaren) 1971 [pen point percussion](https://www.nfb.ca/film/pen_point_percussion/) [Barry spinello](https://handmadecinema.com/filmmaker/barry-spinello/) application of self-adhesive Micotape, Zip-A-Tone shading, and lettering on both the soundtrack and the image track. > In later years Moholy-Nagy recalled that the soundtrack for Tönendes ABC “used all types of signs, symbols, even the letters of the alphabet, and my own finger prints. Each visual pattern on the sound track produced a sound which had the character of whistling and other noises. I had especially good results with the profiles of persons”. As early as 1880, sound was being encoded into light. Bell's [photophone](https://hackaday.io/project/202850-i-built-the-worlds-first-wireless-phone-from-1880) used sunlight reflected in a movable mirror and deformed by sound pressure to transmit the audio signal to a convex receiving mirror. The light-beam passed through a diffractive grating and activated photosensitive selenium, connected to an amplifier and a speaker. ![[photophone.png]] ![[photophone-1.png]] ![[photophone-2.png|300]] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kc9Mjzfowcs&ab_channel=RimstarOrg Ernst Ruhmer expanded the range of the photophone with improved selenium cells, and in the process developed the essential process which became Sound-on-film recording, when he > "recorded the fluctuations of the transmitting arc-light as varying shades of light and dark bands onto a continuous roll of photographic film. He then determined that he could reverse the process and reproduce the recorded sound from this photographic strip, by shining a bright light through the running filmstrip, with the resulting varying light illuminating a selenium cell. The changes in brightness caused a corresponding change in the selenium's resistance to electrical currents, which was used to modulate the sound produced in a telephone receiver." He published his device as “The ‘Photographophone.’” in 1901 in Scientific American Magazine Ruhmer, Ernst. “The ‘Photographophone.’” _Scientific American_ 85, no. 3 (1901): 36–36. http://www.umatic.nl/tonewheels_historical.html http://jiyounkang.com/wordpress/index.php/archives/1142 ## Spinning Discs ### Evgeny Alexandrovich Sholpo [The Variophone, Russia 1932](https://120years.net/the-variophoneyevgeny-sholposoviet-union1932/) [soundart.zone article](https://soundart.zone/the-variophone-yevgeny-sholpo-russia-1932/) [variophone](https://youtu.be/ra7SxzF2eGU?si=pT27TYqHqKSN_RLo) [wikipedia article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variophone) [Variophone](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YiIB36ZY0WM&ab_channel=straypixel) ### Jacque Dudon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Dudon [Dudon's website](https://giant-octaves.com/bibliography/) He is best known for developing a series of [photosonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosonic "Photosonic") disk (_disque photosonique_) instruments in the 1980s that produced sound from modulated light (a light source shines through painted glass discs; the resulting patterns of light are picked up by [photo cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_cell "Photo cell") and converted into a voltage which can then be treated as a sound signal). [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_Dudon%26disk.jpg) Jacques Dudon playing photosonic disk The production of synthetic sound in this manner has been used in "optosonic" instruments since the early 20th century (for example the [Optophonic Piano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optophonic_Piano "Optophonic Piano")). However Dudon's method is notable for the generation of tone which is produced by the overlapping of two or three discs, and the opportunities this design provides for [timbral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbral "Timbral") shifts by slowing one or more discs manually, thereby altering the waveform. Fractal Buzurg waveform (photosonic disk) ![[Photosonic-Disc.png|300]] DUDON, J., and D. ARFIB. “SYNTHÈSE PHOTOSONIQUE.” _Le Journal de Physique Colloques_ 51, no. C2 (1990): C2-C2-848. [https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19902196](https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19902196). [Synthèse photosonique : de la géométrie des ondes au disque virtuel](https://hal.science/hal-02992705/document) [Emulation](https://www.nime.org/proceedings/2002/nime2002_001.pdf) [performance video](https://youtu.be/KuL4aSwNT0o?si=7j0lBbKzZspnPRZI) [[EMI_14_4_June1999 - photosonic Disk.pdf|Dudon article from EMI]] https://archive.org/details/emi_archive/0-START-HERE/ ![[dudon EMI article.pdf]] https://archive.org/details/emi_archive/EMI_14_4_June1999/mode/2up oscilloscope feedback ? https://youtu.be/ExssA2mogIM?si=ydIoyoIxrofCSQdz [Motor Synth](https://cdm.link/motor-synth-gamechanger/) light turntable https://vimeo.com/61756008 ### [Mariska de Groot](https://vimeo.com/1014379939) ### [Marko Timlin](https://youtu.be/WAGJNLjQ3oU?si=em0uZirZwAhE_RVs) ### Quintron [drum buddy](https://youtu.be/PCgfFmNaJcg?si=TF0mSglkkaU-uHFw) https://cdm.link/spinning-optical-drum-buddy-wild-diy-punk-world-quintron-miss-pussycat/ [Laser Harp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_harp) performance:  manufactured version: [Beamz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamz) ### MSHR --- ## Converting Sound into Light CRT [explanation](https://youtu.be/h3cezGJw8wA?si=MBUPHlWWx8Hs8wRY) @ 4mins ### manometric flame apparatus 1862 : **Rudolph Koenig** (1832-1901) developed the manometric flame apparatus, which was used into the first decade of the twentieth century to examine the wave-shapes of sounds. The heart of the apparatus is the manometric flame capsule. Sound enters the capsule via a funnel and a length of rubber hose, and impinges on a rubber membrane placed between the two halves of the capsule. Illuminating gas enters at the bottom of the shaft and burns in a small flame. The oscillations of the membrane modulate the gas supply, and the height of the gas flame varies accordingly. The oscillating gas flame is viewed in the rotating mirror, which supplies the necessary time base to make the waveshape visible.([source](http://www.umatic.nl/tonewheels_historical.html)) (Other Sources: [physics.kenyon.edu](http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Acoustics/Manometric/manometric.html), [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rudolf_K%C3%B6nig), [Max Planck Institute](http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit19650/index_html?pn=219)) ### The Rotating Mirror Greenslade, Thomas B., Jr. “The Rotating Mirror.” _The Physics Teacher_ 19, no. 4 (April 1, 1981): 253–55. [https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2340771](https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2340771). [Spinning mirror system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_mirror_system) ### Lissajous figures 2:1 3:2 ### Oscilloscope ### Oscilloscope music [oscilloscope music](https://oscilloscopemusic.com/watch/n-spheres) Jess Rowland ### Mary Ellen Bute, Hy Hirsh --- ## Interactive Real-Time Video Art ### Optophonic Piano The **[Optophonic Piano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optophonic_Piano)** [Vladimir Baranov-Rossiné ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Baranov-Rossin%C3%A9)(1888, 1944) https://web.archive.org/web/20081013021911/http://120years.net/machines/optophonic/index.html "Though film can be generated without camera (scratch, chemical baths, etc.) it cannot avoid its material basis. However, video can exist without videotape and recording is not a fundamental requirement of the medium. There are multiple choices for input before recording, but more importantly, video can be simply "signal processing" without recording at all." - [Yvonne Spielmann, _Video and Computer_ ](https://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=461) How Television Works [Nimoy](https://youtu.be/maw50wiyJA4?si=qLyUOov3tZwhUedB) [Sandin](https://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/media.php?NumObjet=9230) ### Dan Sandin Spiral V [Sandin Image Processor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandin_Image_Processor) [video](https://youtu.be/yarMVnyA6Fk?si=lhD7rZ4BEoBz7CLj) [video 2](https://youtu.be/va5wjh81aR0?si=_kQuvwRiDvhA9kk3) [description](https://youtu.be/wdysHHZZTYA?si=HGAhWxCHrsMOw3SI) [Eric siegel](https://www.eai.org/webpages/1172) ### [Rutt/Etra Video Synthesizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutt/Etra_Video_Synthesizer) [details](https://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=456) ### [Scanimate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanimate) ### Steina and Woody Vasulka It is in 'interactive real time’ that I feel video becomes a category apart from the others (film on one side and computer graphics on the other)." (Robert Haller, An Interview with Steina, 1980) [info](https://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=461) [the matter](https://youtu.be/uYyR6EWbPC0?si=1-U9alQc3qxGveaC&t=741)(1974) https://www.mariskadegroot.com/ [lzx industries](https://lzxindustries.net/) ## The Sound of Light (this should be elsewhere but idkw) Tesla coil Lorentz Cannon, Lichtenberg figures ## possible file footage [A Look at Sound](https://archive.org/details/64984-life-around-us-a-look-at-sound-vwr) ## We have also Sound-Houses _We have also sound-houses, where we practice and demonstrate all sounds and their generation. We have harmonies, which you have not, of quarter-sounds and lesser slides of sounds. Divers instruments of music likewise to you unknown, some sweeter than any you have, together with bells and rings that are dainty and sweet. We represent small sounds as great and deep, likewise great sounds extenuate and sharp; we make divers tremblings and warblings of sounds, which in their original are entire. We represent and imitate all articulate sounds and letters, and the voices and notes of beasts and birds. We have certain helps which set to the ear do further the hearing greatly. We also have divers strange and artificial echoes, reflecting the voice many times, and as it were tossing it, and some that give back the voice louder than it came, some shriller and some deeper; yea, some rendering the voice differing in the letters or articulate sound from that they receive. We have also means to convey sounds in trunks and pipes, in strange lines and distances._ --- New Atlantis by [Francis Bacon](https://thequietus.com/culture/books/new-atlantis-francis-bacon-daphne-oram-robert-barry-extract/) ![[dudon p1.png]]![[dudon p2.png]] --- ## feedback: - concept is VERY cool n i like how you're approaching this !! really fits ur style of editing well (from what ive seen), - quite text heavy which i point out only cuz it makes me wonder how much of this works as a video essay > a written essay? like for a more specific example, i wonder if the section at around 3:45 where you start going through the various names needed the full few paragraphs of explanation or if it could be shortened down to JUST the ___ Sound over visual examples or something... though that also depends on how explicitly clear you want your exploration/explanations to be, - (tbh. a part of me could also see this as being like, close to a visual novel in format?? or like one of those things you find in a museum in front of the exhibits, providing more historical background/archival footage hehe), - the weird funky sound effects are so good i love them, - if youre worried about the length, i wonder if there's a way you could overlap some of these examples a bit or put them more in direct contrast with each other? or just generally mix up the visuals + sounds + narration a bit more. (could also just be my own bias towards (soviet) montage speaking =3=" lol.), - this section at like 5:35 is So cool, reminds me of those videos demonstrating what the planets would sound like :0, - ooo the section afterwards w/ the red and blue film as sound thing too. this is another bit where i wonder if less textual/narrative explanation might increase the Strange vibes even more, a part of me really just wants to sit with the weirdness for a minute, - also once again asking WHERE did you find all this stuff, you always have such fascinating clips !!, - and ok one more thought about the text: maybe a voiceover? (robotic, if you wanna keep it Strange?) could help w/ formatting it on top of visual examples!! 1:02 splitting up “what if you” & “start with light” creates some drag ~1:30 Daphne Oram BBC clip seems to be overdubbed with different music? 2:28 cuts too soon ~7:30>> text changes slowly, lingers onscreen, blocking the more interesting patterns underneath ~11:27 The B&W spinning disk appears and ends very abruptly; in the subsequent clip about the French guy it’s unclear how what he’s doing with the disk is connected to the sound. I don't think you included E. A. Humphriss? His contribution to the field is remarkable. [https://jmpelletier.com/the-birth-of-the-synthetic-voice/](https://jmpelletier.com/the-birth-of-the-synthetic-voice/) --- ## edit notes ### reshoot opening title, add more visual texture, fix music **Epigraph:** "Omnia quae sunt, lumina sunt" *All that is, is light*. -[Erigena](https://ia801709.us.archive.org/31/items/periphyseon-the-division-of-nature-by-johannes-scotus-erigena-john-joseph-omeara/Periphyseon%20-%20The%20division%20of%20nature%20by%20Johannes%20Scotus%20Erigena%20John%20Joseph%20OMeara.pdf) - **Occult Arts** (Light and Shadow) - **Visual Rhythms** (Light and Time) - **Touching Light** (Light and Interface) - **Jewelled Feelings** (Light and Affect) - **Anamorphosis** (Light and Form) - **Haptic Gaze** (Light and Texture) - **Language of Light** (Light and Information) - **Lux et Sonus** (Light and Sound) - **Algorithmic Ghosts** (Light and Generation) **Title:** **Strange Light:** Musica Optica: **I, Sonus ex Luce** - *Sound from Light* a. Sound on Film b. Graphical Sound i. Daphne Oram c. Optical Synthesis (Linear) i. II, Lux ex Sono - *Light from Sound* @1:17, fix overlay graphic ![[mini-oramics.png]] 1. Sound on film (Linear) 1. Drawn Sound 1. Oramics Machine (Daphne Oram, 1957-1976) 1. [Xenakis UPIC](https://youtu.be/lNPWub-MNxg?si=E3wT2Gn3lQZ3sSsQ) 2. [ANS ](https://warmplace.ru/soft/ans/) 2. [Paper Sound Video](https://youtu.be/Mmejo9WL2gY?si=VKUWTuZRP1ueVx__) (Nikolai Voinov, 1933) 3. [Pen Point Percussion](https://youtu.be/Q0vgZv_JWfM?si=wYt8o6ewhvf9iaLa) (Norman McLaren, 1951) 4. [Tönendes ABC](https://vimeo.com/432945203), (Laszlo Maholy-Nagy, 1933) 5. [Dresden Dynamo](https://youtu.be/ts5uT0Pdj4c?si=Ob96jI5B4d9R4oBt) (Lis Rhodes, 1971) 2. The Photoelectric Effect i. Photoelectrons ii. The Photophone iii. The Photographophone 2. Spinning Disks (rotational) 1. [Photosonic Synthesis](https://youtu.be/KuL4aSwNT0o?si=7j0lBbKzZspnPRZI) (Jacque Dudon, ) 2. [The Variophone](https://youtu.be/0DG4-mdqJ8U?si=LR-_4tQ5KptD2DMK) (Evgeny Sholpo, ) 3. Optical Chopper 4. [Mariska de Groot](https://vimeo.com/1014379939 "https://vimeo.com/1014379939") 5. [Marko Timlin](https://youtu.be/WAGJNLjQ3oU?si=em0uZirZwAhE_RVs "https://youtu.be/WAGJNLjQ3oU?si=em0uZirZwAhE_RVs") 6. [quintron (drum buddy)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCgfFmNaJcg&ab_channel=ISpeakMachine "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCgfFmNaJcg&ab_channel=ISpeakMachine")  7. [Motor Synth](https://cdm.link/motor-synth-gamechanger/ "https://cdm.link/motor-synth-gamechanger/") 8. [Light Organ](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichttonorgel)/[Orchestron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestron)/[Optigan](https://youtu.be/1Ts3L68Twps?si=CDYd7mK-q-z7YTmN) 3. Other 1. [MSHR](https://youtu.be/qTPKrIsxZcY?si=pLphroSH99aKkFwi) 2. [Electronicos Fantasticos](https://youtu.be/bOfpQt4KFCc?si=kyeMeT_qeVhzsu-T) 3. [Jarre (laser harp)](https://youtu.be/DnAfXK-hft8?si=GZO5ocINR4fJNELW) Epilude "Wrench's waveform scanning system stopped working in 1972 (p122). Oram's follow-up design, Mini-Oramics was not constructed until 2016, 13 years after her death."