16mm Educational Films, dir. 2021. The Photoelectric Effect Explained:  Sound on Film, Optical Sound, Photoelectric Switches. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaSVX7_Y-0c](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaSVX7_Y-0c).  Adam Maciaszek, dir. 2021. 1930s Electronic Music With Animation 4K Restoration “Paper Sound” Nikolai Voinov. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mmejo9WL2gY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mmejo9WL2gY).  “Andrey Smirnov. Sound out of Paper.” n.d. Accessed May 11, 2025. [https://asmir.info/gsound1.htm](https://asmir.info/gsound1.htm).  animalnewyork, dir. 2014. Art-Band MSHR Makes Sound From Light And Light From Sound. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p65PpydFzfg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p65PpydFzfg).  Artificial Images, dir. 2021a. High Voltage (James Whitney with Jordan Belson, 1959). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFA29CsDRe0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFA29CsDRe0).  ———, dir. 2021b. The Commission (Woody Vasulka, 1983). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vl2xtgpI5s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vl2xtgpI5s).  Baca, Miguel de. 2019. “‘It’s Making a Little Noise’: Video Art, A Radical Mess.” Panorama 5 (1). [https://doi.org/10.24926/24716839.1685](https://doi.org/10.24926/24716839.1685).  Barad, Karen. 2006. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Duke University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822388128](https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822388128).  Corbella, Maurizio, and Anna Windisch. 2013. “Sound Synthesis, Representation and Narrative Cinema in the Transition to Sound (1926-1935).” Cinémas : Revue d’études Cinématographiques / Cinémas: Journal of Film Studies 24 (1): 59–81. [https://doi.org/10.7202/1023110ar](https://doi.org/10.7202/1023110ar).  Cox, Christoph. 2018. Sonic Flux: Sound, Art, and Metaphysics. University of Chicago Press. [https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226543208.001.0001](https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226543208.001.0001).  Daniel, ARFIB, and DUDON Jacques. n.d. “A Digital Emulator of the Photosonic Instrument.”  dean358, dir. 2009. Luminare. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lp3yC2KdpU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lp3yC2KdpU).  Derek Holzer: A Brief History of Optical Synthesis. 2013. [http://archive.org/details/DerekHolzerABriefHistoryOfOpticalSynthesi](http://archive.org/details/DerekHolzerABriefHistoryOfOpticalSynthesi).  “Drawing Sound Russian ANS Emulator - like 1951 Norman McLaren Film ‘Pen Point Percussion’ : KENNETH UDUT : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive.” n.d. Accessed May 11, 2025. [https://archive.org/details/youtube-qVEPwM_JyX0](https://archive.org/details/youtube-qVEPwM_JyX0).  Dudon, J., and D. Arfib. 1990. “Synthèse Photosonique.” Le Journal de Physique Colloques 51 (C2): C2-845-C2-848. [https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19902196](https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19902196).  Dudon, Jacques, and Daniel Arfib. n.d. “Photosonic Disk : Interactions between Graphic Research and Gestural Controls.”  EdisonTechCenter TechCenter, dir. 2021. How CRTs in Oscilloscopes Work. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmQlgd85P4k](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmQlgd85P4k).  Egan, Kelly Fw. 2020. “‘Tones from Out of Nowhere’ and Other Non-Sensedness: Re-Membering the Synthetic Sound Films of Oskar Fischinger and Làszló Moholy-Nagy.” Animation 15 (2): 160–78. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847720938230](https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847720938230).  evltube, dir. 2007. 5 Minute Romp Thru the IP. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qh6jRzjmcY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qh6jRzjmcY).  ———, dir. 2013. Dan Sandin | Spiral5PTL | Processing Chicago 02/04/13. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdysHHZZTYA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdysHHZZTYA).  Greenslade, Thomas B., Jr. 1981. “The Rotating Mirror.” The Physics Teacher 19 (4): 253–55. [https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2340771](https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2340771).  Groot, Mariska de, dir. 2024. Hidden Patterns//2. [https://vimeo.com/1014379939](https://vimeo.com/1014379939).  Hatfield, Jackie. n.d. “Chapter 6. Film Noise Aesthetics.”  “HIDDEN PATTERNS//2.” n.d. Mariska (blog). Accessed May 11, 2025. [https://www.mariskadegroot.com/projects/hidden-patterns-2/](https://www.mariskadegroot.com/projects/hidden-patterns-2/).  Hopkin, Bart, and Tom Waits. 1996. Gravikords, Whirlies & Pyrophones : Experimental Musical Instruments. New York : Ellipsis Arts. [http://archive.org/details/gravikordswhirli00hopk](http://archive.org/details/gravikordswhirli00hopk).  Horsfield, Kate, Art Institute of Chicago, Electronic Arts Intermix, and Bay Area Video Coalition, dirs. 2008. Surveying the First Decade: Video Art and Alternative Media in the U.S. Chicago, IL: Video Data Bank.  Instruments for New Music. 2015. University of California Press. [https://doi.org/10.1353/book.63421](https://doi.org/10.1353/book.63421).  Jerobeam Fenderson, dir. 2024. N-SPHERES. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDERfRP2GI0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDERfRP2GI0).  John Sanborn, dir. 2023. NOW THEIR PAIN IS SUGAR  | Simon Goff | John Sanborn. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9stjWEDFEA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9stjWEDFEA).  Kirn, Peter. 2019. “Motor Synth Is Brutal, Electro-Mechanical Synth - Last Days of Discount.” CDM Create Digital Music (blog). June 24, 2019. [https://cdm.link/motor-synth-gamechanger/](https://cdm.link/motor-synth-gamechanger/).  “Macumbista.Net.” n.d. Accessed May 11, 2025. [https://macumbista.net/](https://macumbista.net/).  Manning, Peter, and Peter D. Manning. 2004. Electronic and Computer Music. Cary, UNITED STATES: Oxford University Press, Incorporated. [http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=3051899](http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=3051899).  Marcus Dunn, dir. 2020. Make a Light Moog Synth. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExssA2mogIM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExssA2mogIM).  “Mariska de Groot.” 2024. Vimeo. October 18, 2024. [https://vimeo.com/mariska](https://vimeo.com/mariska).  marko timlin, dir. 2018. AUDIBLE LIGHT - Marko Timlin - Variophone - Evgeny Sholpo - Sound Art - Kinetic Installation. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAGJNLjQ3oU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAGJNLjQ3oU).  McLaren, Norman, dir. 1951. À la pointe de la plume/Pen Point Percussion - Extrait/excerpt. [http://archive.org/details/84133p](http://archive.org/details/84133p).  Michaels, Walter B. 1972. “Pound and Erigena.” Paideuma 1 (1): 37–54.  Nate Budzinski, dir. 2013. Andrey Smirnov: Sound In Z. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DG4-mdqJ8U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DG4-mdqJ8U).  Neo Altair - Punk / ELECTRO “n” Alt., dir. 2021. 1930s Electro Music-Variophone Destroyed after Missile Exploded in 1941 WWII, Recovered, Restored. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ra7SxzF2eGU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ra7SxzF2eGU).  Old Films and Stuff, dir. 2016. 1930’s Electronic Music - The Dance Of The Crow. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxDa07jKIL4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxDa07jKIL4).  “Optical Chopper.” 2024. In Wikipedia. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_chopper&oldid=1208095311](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_chopper&oldid=1208095311).  Oram, Daphne. 2007. “Oramics.” U.K.? Paradigm Discs.  ———. 2016. An Individual Note: Of Music, Sound and Electronics. New edition. Wakefield, UK: Anomie Academic.  ———. n.d. “Oramics: Precedents, Technology and Influence.”  “Pattern Playback - Wikipedia.” n.d. Accessed May 11, 2025. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_playback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_playback).  Pedro Nóbrega, dir. 2017. Jacques Dudon ‎– Lumières Audibles (1995). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzHPV0JKbCI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzHPV0JKbCI).  “Pitsch Und Patsch.” n.d. Accessed May 11, 2025. [https://www.berlinale.de/en/2018/programme/201802184.html](https://www.berlinale.de/en/2018/programme/201802184.html).  Poulson, Valdemar. n.d. “History of Electronic and Computer Music.”  Rosati, Lauren. 2019. “Mechanical Kingdoms: Sound Technologies and the Avant-Garde, 1928-1933.” Ph.D., United States -- New York: City University of New York. [https://www.proquest.com/docview/2234481700/abstract/55E9D7B26F484A65PQ/1](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2234481700/abstract/55E9D7B26F484A65PQ/1).  ———. 2024. “SOUND MACHINES.” Artforum (blog). October 1, 2024. [https://www.artforum.com/features/lauren-rosati-evgeny-sholpos-variophone-559607/](https://www.artforum.com/features/lauren-rosati-evgeny-sholpos-variophone-559607/).  Rovner, Lisa, Anna Vaney, Laurie Anderson, Maryanne Amacher, Laurie Spiegel, Suzanne Ciani, and Wendy Carlos, dirs. 2021. Sisters with Transistors. New York, NY: Aspect Ratio Films. [https://www.aspresolver.com/aspresolver.asp?MARC;5236003](https://www.aspresolver.com/aspresolver.asp?MARC;5236003).  Ruhmer, Ernst. 1901. “The ‘Photographophone.’” Scientific American 85 (3): 36–36.  Sandin, Dan, Christine de Lignieres, John Manning, and Art Institute of Chicago. 2006. “Dan Sandin: An Interview.” On Art and Artist Collection. Chicago, IL: Video Data Bank.  Sandin Video. n.d.  Schreck, Camille, Damien Rohmer, Doug James, Stefanie Hahmann, and Marie-Paule Cani. 2016. “Real-Time Sound Synthesis for Paper Material Based on Geometric Analysis.”  “Selenium and the Photophone 1.” 1880. Nature 22 (569): 500–503. [https://doi.org/10.1038/022500a0](https://doi.org/10.1038/022500a0).  Smirnov, Andrey, and Matt Price. 2013. Sound in Z: Experiments in Sound and Electronic Music in Early 20th Century Russia. London: Koenig Books.  “Soviet Light Music.” 2016. Sound Matters. February 23, 2016. [https://journal.beoplay.com/journal/2016/2/11/soviet-light-music](https://journal.beoplay.com/journal/2016/2/11/soviet-light-music).  “The ‘Variophone’ Yevgeny Sholpo. Russia, 1932 – Sound Art Zone.” n.d. Accessed May 11, 2025. [https://soundart.zone/the-variophone-yevgeny-sholpo-russia-1932/](https://soundart.zone/the-variophone-yevgeny-sholpo-russia-1932/).  “The ‘Vibroexponator’ Boris Yankovsky, Russia 1932.” 2013. 120 Years of Electronic Music (blog). December 20, 2013. [https://120years.net/the-vibroexponator-boris-yankovsky-russia-1932/](https://120years.net/the-vibroexponator-boris-yankovsky-russia-1932/).  “The Visible Press Telling Invents Told.” n.d. Accessed May 13, 2025. [https://thevisiblepress.com/product/telling-invents-told/](https://thevisiblepress.com/product/telling-invents-told/).  “Tonendehandschrift de Rudolf Pfenninger.” n.d. Accessed May 11, 2025. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDwEpPFqQCo&ab_channel=PhilippeLANGLOIS](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDwEpPFqQCo&ab_channel=PhilippeLANGLOIS).  VintageTEK Museum, dir. 2017. Tektronix: The Cathode Ray Tube - Window to Electronics. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHGAnJjnNY0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHGAnJjnNY0). ## more ### Monographs Art, Auckland City. _Len Lye : A Personal Mythology : Paintings, Steel-Motion Compositions, Films._ Auckland City Art Gallery, 1980. Braak, Menno Ter. _De Absolute Film._ W.L. En J. Brusse, 1931. Buchan, Suzanne. _Pervasive Animation_. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2013. Elder, Bruce (R. _Body of Vision : Representations of the Body in Recent Film and Poetry_. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1997. Elder, Bruce (R. _Harmony + Dissent : Film and Avant-Garde Art Movements in the Early Twentieth Century_. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2008. Feiersinger, Luisa, et al. _Image - Action - Space : Situating the Screen in Visual Practice_. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2018. Flavin, Dan, et al. _Dan Flavin, Lights_. Hatje/Cantz, 2012. Gallery., Hayward, et al. _Film as Film : Formal Experiment in Film, 1910-1975_. Arts Council of Great Britain, 1979. Garelick, Rhonda K. _Electric Salome : Loie Fuller’s Performance of Modernism_. Princeton University Press, 2007. Grace, Whitney. _Lotte Reiniger : Pioneer of Film Animation_. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2017. Grant, John. _Masters of Animation_. Watson-Guptill Publications, 2001. Greenewalt, Mary Elizabeth. _Nourathar : The Fine Art of Light Color Playing_. Westbrook Publishing Company, 1946. Huhtamo, Erkki. _Illusions in Motion : Media Archaeology of the Moving Panorama and Related Spectacles_. MIT Press, 2023. Irish Museum of Modern Art (Kilmainham, Dublin, et al. _In Praise of Shadows._ Charta, 2008. Marin, Louis, and Mette Hjort. _To Destroy Painting_. University of Chicago Press, 1995. Maur, Karin Von, and John William. Gabriel. _The Sound of Painting : Music in Modern Art_. Prestel, 1999. Munch, Edvard, et al. _Edvard Munch : The Modern Eye_. Tate Publishing, 2012. Museum of Contemporary Art (Los Angeles, Calif.), et al. _Visual Music : Synaesthesia in Art and Music since 1900_. Thames & Hudson, 2005. Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.), et al. _Inventing Abstraction, 1910-1925 : How a Radical Idea Changed Modern Art_. Museum of Modern Art, 2012. Orgeman, Keely, et al. _Lumia : Thomas Wilfred and the Art of Light_. Yale University Art Gallery, 2017. Palm Springs Art Museum, Host Institution., et al. _Particles and Waves : Southern California Abstraction and Science 1945-1990_. Palm Springs Art Museum, 2024. Powell, Anna. _Deleuze, Altered States and Film_. Edinburgh University Press, 2007. Ravetto-Biagioli, Kriss. _Digital Uncanny_. Oxford University Press, 2019. Russett, Robert., and Cecile. Starr. _Experimental Animation : An Illustrated Anthology_. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1976. Stein, Donna., and Corcoran Gallery Of. _Thomas Wilfred : Lumia, a Retrospective Exhibition_. [Corcoran Gallery of Art], 1971. Taberham, Paul. _Lessons in Perception : The Avant-Garde Filmmaker as Practical Psychologist_. Berghahn, 2018. Wees, William C. _Light Moving in Time : Studies in the Visual Aesthetics of Avant-Garde Film_. University of California Press, 1992. Wilfred, Thomas. _Projected Scenery : A Technical Manual_. Drama Book Shop, 1965. Wyn Evans, Cerith, et al. _Cerith Wyn Evans_. Phaidon Press, 2023. Zielinski, Siegfried. _Deep Time of the Media : Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means_. MIT Press, 2006. ### Articles Barad, Karen. “Diffracting Diffraction: Cutting Together-Apart.” _Parallax (Leeds, England)_ 20, no. 3 (2014): 168–87. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13534645.2014.927623](https://doi.org/10.1080/13534645.2014.927623). ### Video _Dan Sandin | Spiral5PTL | Processing Chicago 02/04/13_, 2013. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdysHHZZTYA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdysHHZZTYA). _Sisters with Transistors: Die Verkannten Heldinnen Der Elektronischen Musik_, 2022. [http://archive.org/details/ArteTV-104017-000-A](http://archive.org/details/ArteTV-104017-000-A). ## hardware [Light Organ - Color Organ - 5 Channel XLO-5](https://www.xkitz.com/products/light-organ-5-channel-xlo-5) ## Interest Groups ### [Art of Light Organization](https://artoflight.org/) ### [Light Art Manifesto](http://lightartmanifesto.com/) #### Cited [Alexander Scriabin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin), [Thomas Wilfred](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wilfred), [László Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Laszlo_\(composer\)), [Mary Hallock-G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hallock-Greenewalt)[reenewalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hallock-Greenewalt), [Naum Gabo](https://www.wikiart.org/en/naum-gabo), [Antoine Pevsner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pevsner), [Walter Ruttmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann), [Kurt Schwerdtfeger](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schwerdtfeger), [Viking 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Fiorella](http://www.raffaelefiorella.it/) [Sebastien Schnabel](http://avextd.ma/) [Andor Merks](https://www.andormerks.com/) [Tamás Szvet](http://szvet.blogspot.com/) [Cinzia Campolese](https://www.cinziac.net/) [Viola Lukács](http://violuk.com/) [Anastasia Isachsen](http://fjordoslo.com/) [Andrea Möller](https://www.mediaartfestival.nl/?lang=en) [Márton Orosz](http://act.mit.edu/people/fellows/marton-orosz/) [Endre Lehel Paksi](https://sites.google.com/view/airguiniguada/home) [Martin Posta](http://signalfestival.com/) [Jan K Rolnik](http://signalfestival.com/) [Shane Walter](http://onedotzero.com/) [Michele Cinque](https://www.solidlightfestival.com/) [Valerio Ciampicacigli](https://www.solidlightfestival.com/) [Lari Suominen](https://www.suneffects.fi/work/a-smile-in-the-wind/#gallery:0) [Jean-Baptiste 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Lemaire](https://www.instagram.com/lichtheid/) [Hattie Morrison](http://hattiemorrison.com/) [Gyula Június](https://juliusgyula.wordpress.com/) [Bram Lemaiee](http://www.instagram.com/lichtheid) [Danijel Šivinjski](https://www.sivinjski.com/) [Bastien Preudhomme](https://www.artmajeur.com/blindoff) [Pandelis Diamantides](http://www.pandelisdiamantides.com/) [Thomas Schielke](https://arclighting.de/) [Marco Martinez](https://www.instagram.com/marcoaion/) [Gábor Karcis](https://www.instagram.com/karciskarcis/) [Barbara Herold](http://www.barbaraherold.net/) [Alina Rizescu](https://vimeo.com/rizi) [Florian Licht](http://www.lichtundsoehne.de/) [Lab212 Collective](https://lab212.org/oeuvres/3:featured) [Mauricio Ramírez](http://www.smartliving.com.co/) [F3 Studio](http://f3.studio/) [Maarten van der Glas](https://maartenvanderglas.com/) [Peter Gusev](https://gusev.io/) [Aurora Gasull](http://www.aurora.cat/) [Aleksei Lizunov](https://www.instagram.com/ybstn/) [Jeroen Meijer](http://www.jeroen-meijer.com/) [Anna Bacheva](http://annabacheva.com/) [Frances Sander](http://www.drawinglive.net/) [Pietro Cardarelli](https://www.instagram.com/thewingsart/) [Martina Stella](https://martinastella.com/) [Paul Gerard O’Connor](https://www.instagram.com/iampaulgerard/?hl=en) [Daniel Popescu](https://danielpopescu.com/projects/) [Frank Gessner](https://www.frankgessner.eu/) [Azael Ferrer](https://www.azaelferrer.net/) [Nicolas Saganias](https://www.cargocollective.com/nicolassaganias) [Adam Hsieh](https://adamhsieh.com/) [Leticia Barzilai](https://www.linkedin.com/company/laeinteractive) [Peter Boocock](https://vimeo.com/cybero) [Matt Strong](http://mattstrongldn.com/) [Malo Lacroix](http://www.malolacroix.fr/) [Gilles Flouret](https://fr.linkedin.com/in/gilles-flouret-36b9a694) [Janne Ahola](http://www.matlockvisuals.com/) [Andrea Kovács](https://www.facebook.com/letitbeartagency) [Eric Michel](https://new.ericmichel.net/) [Edgar Cherubini 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