# Drawn on Film [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawn-on-film_animation) ( Type: Technique ) ## Description Camera-less animation technique made by drawing, painting, scratching, or etching directly onto film stock, bypassing the camera entirely. ## Key Tags #drawn-on-film #direct-animation ## Essential Works %% none yet %% ## Details %% none yet %% ### Concepts and Theories - [[Avant Garde Film]] - drawn-on-film is a signature camera-less technique within the avant-garde film tradition ### Related Practices - [[Drawn Sound]] - overlapping camera-less technique applied to the optical soundtrack rather than the image ### Key Practitioners - [[Mary Hallock-Greenewalt]] - early color-organ/light-art inventor whose work intersects with camera-less, hand-made image-making - [[Harry Smith]] - pioneering camera-less filmmaker (e.g. Early Abstractions) exemplifying direct-animation technique - [[Norman McLaren]] - central figure of the NFB drawn/scratched-on-film tradition (Pen Point Percussion, Blinkity Blank) - [[Storm de Hirsch]] - painted and scratched directly on film stock in works like Peyote Queen - [[Stan Brakhage]] - extended hand-painted and etched film into a major body of camera-less work (Mothlight, the Dante Quartet) ### Institutional Affiliations %% none yet %% ### Notes [[Mary Hallock-Greenewalt]] **[[Harry Smith]]** **[[Norman McLaren]]** **[[Storm de Hirsch]]** [[Stan Brakhage]] ## References ### Primary Sources Bibliography %% none yet %% ### Secondary Sources Bibliography %% none yet %%